An Army White Paper, The Profession Of Arms - 900 Words

An Army White Paper, The Profession of Arms A Profession of Arms. It is a title that the United States Army currently holds. A Profession that is uniquely separates us based on the lethality of our weapons and operations. Many factors are involved that make what we do in the Army a Profession and not just a job or an occupation. To maintain this idea that what we do is a Profession takes understanding what a Profession is, a tenuous balance by leadership and the culture of the professionals within. As a Human Resource Sergeants, we do not carry the Arms that grant us our lethality, yet we still have a vital role within this Profession of Arms. In order to understand how the Human resource Sergeant fits a role in the Profession of Arms, we must understand what a Profession is. The definition of a Profession is job that requires special education, training, or skill, often gained through lengthy years of study and practice. Deeper than that it is uniquely expert work that values effectiveness over efficiency. We as Soldiers spend years honing our craft either formally in our Noncommissioned Officer Education System or in our organic training within our Units. It is through this constant training over time that mold us into the subject matter experts of our work. Professions earn trust through their Ethic (moral values) allowing them to work with less external oversight, trusted to self-correct on its own accord. We have proven time and again that we have theShow MoreRelatedProfessional Soldier : A Review1018 Words   |  5 Pages Professional Soldier: A Review of the Army Profession SSG Jordan Rickard Advanced Leader Course, Phase 1, Class 003 MSG Paula Doane April 26, 2017 Professional Soldier: A Review of the Army Profession â€Å"I do solemnly swear that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States against all enemies foreign and domestic†¦Ã¢â‚¬  From the second a civilian takes the steps to raise their right hand to coming out of Basic Combat Training as a United States Soldier they have putRead MoreThe Army as a Profession of Arms Essay examples700 Words   |  3 PagesAs the Army transitions from the battlefields of Iraq and Afghanistan, the organization is well served to take a long look in the mirror. After ten plus years of deployments, our combat tested warriors are sure to possess more than enough valuable knowledge to reinforce and improve upon our status as a profession. A TRADOC published paper explains â€Å"to be a professional is to understand, embrace, and competently practice the expertise of the profession.† I believe the profession of arms exists andRead MoreProfession Of Arms Paper878 Words   |  3 Pagesplays a vital role in the Army Profession of Arms. An Army professional must have various attributes of good character and leadership skills and the â€Å"Be, Know, Do† qualities to be called a profession at all. All leaders must embrace the challenge of balancing multiple responsibilities at once within their profession in order to accomplish any mission. As a United States Army Human Resources Sergeants, we must always consider the culture of the Army and its Profession as an important factor toRead MoreNew Uniform and Appearance Standards in Army Regulation 670-1895 Words   |  4 PagesIt is impossible to form a perspective on how Army uniform polices relates to Army professionalism without first accepting that Army professionalism itself is an arbitrary concept. On 31st March 2014, the United States Army published new uniform and appearance standards in Army Regulation 670-1 and immediately faced a mixture of vehement resentment and patriotic acceptance. The cause for the differing reactions is the fact tha t not everyone concerned—everyone being active and retired Soldiers asRead MoreAbuse of Authority Essay1274 Words   |  6 PagesIf Soldiers and leaders adhered to the Army Values and the Leadership Requirements Model, many ethical dilemmas that Noncommissioned Officers face on a daily basis would not occur. In the Army today, Soldiers constantly discuss values and leadership, unfortunately not everyone takes them seriously. The abuse of authority and command influence sometimes displayed by leaders puts subordinates into ethical dilemmas. Often, command influence will challenge the Loyalty, Duty, Respect, and Honor valuesRead MoreEssay Profession of Arms989 Words   |  4 PagesThe Profession of Arms As Defined, Dissected and Debunked Along with any healthy debate comes, the original textbook definition of the subject being discussed. Since this is a report and not an oral debate, I have the privilege of expressing my opinions without the consequence of being challenged by an adversary. We will get to my perception of â€Å"The Profession of Arms† shortly. For now, let’s get the official, Uncle Sam approved, campaign winning definition out of the way. The completeRead MoreArmy: A Profession of Arms Essay831 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is a profession? First and foremost let’s look at how we can define a profession from a general point. A profession is an occupation requiring specialized knowledge and often long and intensive academic preparation. Profession doesn’t mean only to be perfectly prepared on the basis of theoretical aspects, but to meet the strict criteria as well. A good professional should be a leader and leadership means solving problems. Leaders can be assessed according to the amount of resolved problems.Read MoreEssay about Profession of Arms11066 Words   |  45 PagesAn Army White Paper: The Army Profession of Arms, Its Culture, and Ethic The overall objective of the Army Profession of Arms campaign is for Soldiers and leaders to refine their understanding of what it means to be professionals--expert members of the Profession of Arms--after nine years of war and to recommit to a culture of service and the responsibilities and behaviors of our profession as articulated in the Army Ethic. GEN Martin E. Dempsey, CG, TRADOC The preeminent military task, andRead MoreSummary Of The Iconoclast s Black No More 1718 Words   |  7 PagesThe Iconoclast in Black No More A Black person learns very early that his color is a disadvantage in the world of white folk. This being an unalterable circumstance, one also learns very early to make the best of it. George S. Schuyler, Black, and Conservative George S. Schuyler, author of Black No More, was born in Rhode Island in 1885 and died in New York in 1977. Schuyler’s father died when he was three years old; his mother remarried, and the family moved to Syracuse, New York. There SchuylerRead MoreThe Service And The Joint Force1637 Words   |  7 Pages The Services and the Joint Force share the responsibility in ensuring that mission command is a common attribute of our Profession of Arms. Our collective efforts must institutionalize mission command by adopting and formalizing the character traits that enable a bias for action and responsible initiative at all levels of the force. -- General Martin E. Dempsey, April 2012 INTRODUCTION

Sonny s Blues By James Baldwin - 1252 Words

The story â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin centers on the conflicting relationship between two brothers that is explored throughout various stages of their lives. Through the structured, melodic style used by Baldwin there are reoccurring themes of suffering, family, and home that are used to further convey the idea of two brothers who love each other, but don’t understand each other. Ultimately, the relationship between the two brothers is greatly strained due them being polar opposites, their lack of effective communication, and failure to truly hear one another rather than seeing. The characters do not have much in common beyond the blood that they share, thus making it difficult for a bond to form until the walls of judgement are torn†¦show more content†¦And this was partly because Sonny was the apple of his father s eye. It was because he loved Sonny so much and was frightened for him, that he was always fighting with him. It doesn t do any go od to fight with Sonny†¦But the principal reason that they never hit it off is that they were so much alike.† (225). Sonny s father was an alcoholic who did not know how to properly convey his love for him, this causes Sonny to compensate for his tumultuous upbringing by constantly burying the emotions he feels inside. These descriptions are a stark contrast to the way that Narrator is introduced as a successful man in the community of Harlem; he’s an algebra teacher with a wife and kids who distances himself from, not only those inferior to him, but towards his own brother too. He’s a practical man with a darker, far more cynical view of the world that surrounds him. By social standards, Narrator is an upstanding citizen who is the bright spot in his community for making something of himself with a stable career and life. Sonny has seemingly failed at reaching that level by only becoming another predictably, failed product of a community that expects this t ype of outcome. He is a jazz musician with an addiction problem who has a naà ¯ve, sunny point of view about the world. When two brothers who ultimately don’t share the same views, profession, or beliefs the difficulty to find a connection is only inevitable. In addition to their dueling personalities, the

Hospitality Operations and Risk Management

Question: Discuss about the Hospitality Operations and Risk Management. Answer: Operational Plan and execution A company is an association of collecting news, data, and Management. A Company can be controlled by one person or multiple persons. A company should have many departments and the work is distributed by every department (Cox, n.d.). The specific departments do their work. Administration department is one of them. The department of admin is the soul of any company. The departments activities are concerned regarding record keeping forfinancial planning billing personnel, logistics and physical distribution. The employee who undertakes these above activities are called as office administrator or office manager. Candidates are required to have an latest skill set in the application of software such asMicrosoft Word,Exceland Access for many administrative positions require the candidate to have. The administrator of the office has the responsibility to ensure the functions of a company. He/ She give the whole structure of working process or data to the employees (Stevenson, 2012). After the office administrator there is office manager who also plays a big role in an administration. Office managers role requires the candidate to possess a higher skill and qualification skill set more than other administrative vacancies; competency in human resources, strong administrative experience, reporting skills, delegation, managing processes and the ability to communicate to other members of the organization are the skills and qualifications included. There are many sectors within the administration of office that people can work under,office manager andoffice administratorbeing the most important associated roles. An employee can undertake hundreds of different job and roles vacancies that within an organization. Human resourceadministrators are in power for managing the company's human capital. Administration of payroll and benefits are the main duties that a worker under human resources will perform, while recruiting for the organization. An secretaryis given responsibility with supporting their upper-level executives with the creation of statistical reports, written memorandums and scheduled meetings. A Legal officer is an employee that works really with lawyers and different employees inside the appearing of law. For a condition of a genuine secretary working for a lawyer, their basic obligations and obligations are to be stacked with the affiliations recording system, finding crucial information in centrality to the present case, to execute their present points of confinement with front line headway to complete and address business issues. Gantt Chart Tasks People Responsible February 1-7 February 8-14 February 15-21 February 22-28 February 29- Mar 6 March 8-14 March 15-21 March 22-28 Mar 28- April 4 April 5-11 April 12-18 April 19-25 Apr 26- May 1 Budget Management 03 Preparing income statements 05 Preparing Balance sheets 05 Assessment with the annual audit 05 Maintaining financial files and records 05 Working model 08 Machine for fine tunning 55 Manual for Instruction 15 Test project for Instructors Rough Draft of Report Acad Drawings Finalization Overall Contest Presentations Final Report Due Contingency Plan An unexpected event or situation that affects the professional image, financial health or market share of an organization a contingency(Brownlow, 2000). It is generally a negative event. An unexpected disrupts can harm a companys orientation. That is the reason why companies make contingency plans for many upcoming situations, so the management of an organization has a immediate flow pre-researched plan of action. Management of a god business means planning for the time when things go wrong, as well as right. Serious incidents and disasters such as , fire, or the death of a key employee flooding are relatively rare, but they do happen. After the survival thrive ensuring the business continuation, is known as Contingency Plan (Allin, 2012). Contingency Plan Template Number Risk Impact and consequences Contingency actions Responsibility 1 Financial analysis Impact on Stock Price:- Financial statements have a drastic effect on the stock price of a company. Many investors look at the financial statements when making investment decisions. If information is presented in a financial statement that is better or worse than expected, it can make the stock price go up or down. Based on information from the financial statements to make assumptions investors often use financial ratios. Financing Decisions:-Trade-related edifications can out like way impact how to control it is for a business to get financing. On the off chance that an association is attempting to take out a business actuate, the credit capable will all around need to take a gander at the money related edifications of that affiliation. In the event that the data on the cash related verbalizations is not complimenting, it might conflictingly influence the reason for the limitation of the relationship to secure cash. Credit masters all things being equal in a general sense need to place resources into affiliations that have mind blowing budgetary numbers. Pull in New Investors:-Trade-related verbalizations out like way effect pulling in new budgetary experts. Right when an organization together issues new shares of stock, it will all the more than likely go on money related articulations to potential monetary stars. The potential scientists look at the budgetary verbalizations to perceive in the event that they need to place cash into the association. Low purpose of premium numbers could unfavorably influence the measure of analysts willing to place cash into the Company (Bessler, Drobetz and Grninger, 2011). Finance department is the most important department for any company. this department operates the lose, profit of any company. so if finance department has any problem so the company need to deduct the problems from the grassroots. The company should build good relationships with the shareholders. The company can save their money by stoping some of the benefit like vehicle allowance, food allowance, firing some high post (salary base) persons The company has to attract to the new investors by giving them a good perk and benefits (Amonhaemanon, 2014). 2 Historic data analysis Historic data is one of the proofs of any company. it is the witness of that time when the company has started. it can have a government papers, investment papers, share holders papers, company licences etc If there any loss of Historic data then the company should be fined by various sectors. The historic data should be controlled by the expertise of the companies. it should have a different copies in computers or in hardcopy. this files should be maintained very organised. 3 Annual loss data The loss of computer code because computer code must be rewritten by highly skilled and highly paid software developers. Statistics on data loss are sparse. Data loss incidents can be hardware- or software-related. Consequently, a consideration of both is necessary to estimate the magnitude of data loss (FY2004 Annual Meeting Financial Loss, 2005). For a data recovery plan to be meaningful, it must ensure the "right" data. Data that is required by critical business processes and necessary for recovery Depending on the analyst one reads, data is growing at a rate of between 70 to 100% per year in most corporations. Databases measured in terabytes are becoming commonplace Significant percentage (some argue as much as 80%) of the data recorded on hard disk drives is never mentioned again. This is relevant to databases as well as files, developing significant talk of the possibility of abbreviating data extraction timeframes by "presaging" static or not changing data at the extraction center. Communication Plan A communication is needed for every sector, with every person. Without proper communication a business can never be succeed. From a day to day communication to big news about the organization a communication is necessary for everyone (Gaskill, 2013). Good communications can start a good planning. As a 1st step of communication its necessary to understand the audiences. Then to execute the message and listen what they want. Communication Plan Template Information Communicated by Communicated to When communicated How distributed Recruitment Management HRM or Human Resources Management When the company need recruitments and there are vacancies on various posts (Gashi, 2013). The HRM department distribute these vacancies as per the eligibility of the candidates and in which departments the man power needs. Leave Management Team Leaders When there are any holidays or any CLs or any personal reasons. The employees if have any personal reasons they have to inform the companys management before some days of the leave (Tomlinson, 2003). As per the management want. but if any employee has any serious issue like family members death or his/her marriage then they would get the preferences first. As per knowing the manpower the company distributes the leaves. Annual Program Management Officially announced to everyone in the company On the annual sports day or annual federation day On that particulars day. Informed by few days before to the staffs. Conclusion Every department is important for every company. To control and keep a good relation with all the administration of the organization need to control the whole num of employees in a good way. HRM, OM, and AE, PE these departments play the most important role for any organization. If the organization is the body then these are the parts of that body. References Allin, L. (2012).Contingency plan. Victoria, BC: Raven Books. Amonhaemanon, D. (2014). The Impact of Stock Price and Real Estate Price Shocks on Consumption: The Thai Experience.International Journal of Financial Research, 6(1). Bessler,W., Drobetz, W. and Grninger, M. (2011). Information Asymmetry and Financing Decisions*.International Review of Finance, 11(1), pp.123-154. Brownlow, H. (2000). Always have a contingency plan.Anaesthesia, 55(5), pp.489-518. Cox, V. (n.d.). Leadership Operational Plan for Difficult Times.SSRN Electronic Journal. FY2004 Annual Meeting Financial Loss. (2005).Anthropology News, 46(6), pp.23-23. Gashi, R. (2013). Strategic Human Resources Management: Human Resources or Human Capital.AJIS. Gaskill, R. (2013). Disclosing Medical Mistakes: A Communication Management Plan for Physicians.permj, pp.94-94. Stevenson, S. (2012).The operational plan. Sioux City, Iowa: Stevenson, Inc. Tomlinson, H. (2003). Leaders Leadership: Leadership Teams, Team Leaders and Middle Managers - BELMAS 2002.Management in Education, 16(5), pp.6-9.

The Benefits Of Music Education For Students In Schools And Colleges” Essay Example For Students

The Benefits Of Music Education For Students In Schools And Colleges† Essay The main idea of the article The benefits of musical education is how music works on childrens development and what opportunities have USIA According to this article music helps to work the small muscles as ears and eyes and child gets rich experience from listening music. As Calculating says Music learning supports all learning, Not that Mozart makes you smarter, but its a very integrating, stimulating pastime or activity alt means that music helps to better assimilate information of all lessons, Listening music and playing on instruments influence on language development, brain and spatial-temporal skills of children. We will write a custom essay on The Benefits Of Music Education For Students In Schools And Colleges† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Also increase IQ improve test scores. Firstly, studies have mound that musical training physically develops the part of the left side of the brain which responsible for language and can actually wires the brains circuits in different ways. Also the author emphasizes that it is very important for small kids on age of I-S to listen the music, it helps better memorize the words. Secondly childs brain works harder.. Recent studies show that children who listen to music improve sound discrimination and fine motor tasks and there are some positive changes to the networks in the brain. Thirdly, listening music increase IQ. The children Who were given music lessons over the school year tested on average three IQ points higher than the other groups. It means that music is very important in development Of children. In addition it influence on spatial- temporal skills. Research also found out the link between music and spatial intelligence. Listening music helps children to visualize different elements which should go together and be the same. Moreover it improve test scores. It is demonstrated by Christopher Johnson that children in elementary school with classical education get 22 percent higher in English and 20 present higher in math than schools which dont have musical education. To sum up, the author highlights that music improve childs abilities and skills and it makes child happy and smart will come later. mound this article very useful, because I read many advantages of listening music and playing an instruments for kids, especially how music influence on their aspiration to work hard and increase IQ Also it is academic reliable article which was written by famous researchers as E. Glenn Schlesinger and according to issue of Psychological Science . This article provides logical arguments of one side, but very strong arguments. The goal of this source is to prove that music learning supports all learning and develop children different skills think that music really does children better _ They develop spiritually and morally. Many children while doing homework listen to music and it helps to do homework. Music brings a variety in study. Consider that parents have to send children to music school. They will develop and open for themselves new skills and spheres -It is quite good when child can mix school education and music education.

Ugly Genes Essays

Ugly Genes Essays Ugly Genes Paper Ugly Genes Paper Why doesnt evolution get rid of ugly people? Based on the precepts of natural selection, species with inferior traits are bound to be wiped out with time, leaving only the fit species to survive and propagate future offspring of the same species. It is paradoxical, however, that some undesirable traits in some species keep on persisting, being passed on from one generation to another, defying the premises upon which natural selection stands. Why is it that the ugly, the unhealthy and the not so smart keep persisting in the world, yet based on the natural selection they are naturally supposed to fade away? The author posits that the not so attractive will logically not pass down their traits as no one would be interested to have them as their mates, the unhealthy will not live long to pass down their inferior traits and the dumb will be at a disadvantage in the acquisition of wealth and financial prosperity necessary to survive and raise a family (Begley, 2007). Looking around, abundant evidence still persists that seem to contr adict with the predictions of this theory of natural selection: ugly people still exist, there are dumb people around and the unhealthy as well. Why is this the case? What makes someone ugly According to the explanation offered by evolutionary genetics, this paradox is as a result of constant mutation of these undesirable traits keep persisting no matter how hard the process of natural selection kicks in to cleanse them. Scientists, however, do admit that the notion of constant mutation is farfetched and that there is a real reason to explain the paradox. Studies conducted at Edinburgh University, Scotland, have attempted to offer an explanation for this paradox; that the genes that are good for males are not desirable for females, and the reverse is also true. The scientists conducted the research on a population of 3,559 red deers inhabiting a Scottish island spanning eighteen generations (Earp, Sandberg, Savulescu, 2012). They documented every detail about the animals, from their fitness levels to their mating cycles to the off springs that managed to survive. The result of the research was contradictory; on average, male red deers with high fitness levels sired off springs with relatively low fitness levels. The reverse also held true; that male deer that had low reproductive success and fitness sired daughters that were relatively successful. This state of affairs could be explained by the fact that traits that are based on genes could have very different effects on males than on females. This analogy could be used to explain features in humans as well: a father might be having a shapely nose that would be expected to be described as hunky on males but not so good on females. As such a father would attract females who desire the desirable trait in the father, the result of their copulation might produce a daughter whose nose is far from shapely. Traits which evolutionary scientists describe as not good for mating in females persist because they are inherited by their sons in their DNA and are propagated when the sons sire their own daughters (Pennisi, 2012). Further studies try to explain the phenomenon of the persistence of undesirable genes despite natural selection. The most prominent one, perhaps, is the existence of the gene for sickle cell disease, which is more rampant in the Mediterranean regions as well as in Africa. Logically, it is expected that the process of natural selection would kick in and eliminate it, but it has not. It emerged that carrying a copy of such a gene would make one more resistant to malaria attacks, which are prevalent in these same regions (Pennisi, 2012). Natural selection essay The author poignantly cautions those who are obsessed with physical traits in the choice of their mates. He points to them that have the tendencies of rejecting their potential mates because they possess less than desirable traits and features, thinking that they would be doing a service for themselves and their future generations through the propagation of superior genes only. Natural selection, as demonstrated by the author, does not really work as people would expect. Although the author uses strong points to paint a picture that natural selection at times fails to eliminate the less desirable traits and that people should think twice before rejecting their potential spouse because they possess somewhat inferior traits, much is left to be desired of this proposition. For one, people have different preferences in selecting their mates and such evidence presented might not be useful in deterring people from overlooking the misfits and opting for the superior in the society. This is perhaps clearly demonstrated in cases where relatively successful individuals, in terms of wealth, success and fame flock together and establish their own families, oblivious of what natural selection might mean to their union. For some, the concept of natural selection does not even strike their radar, as they have already been swept by the love bug, choosing whomever they desire regardless of their genetic composition, whether desirable or not. Furthermore, the concept of natural selection stirs controversy as some closely associate it with evolution which goes against their beliefs. The author uses emotive terms that touch on the core of human characteristics-ugliness, dumbness, and health- to prove a point about natural selection. This, however, might not be well received by all members of the audience as it contravenes to their values and beliefs. Some, for instance, believe that we ate all beautiful and inferior or superior traits are subjective and should therefore not be used as a universal basis for drumming for the process of natural selection. Natural selection and evolutionary theories are refuted by others as they believe in a supreme being whose creations should not be measured, believing that the creator is infinitely wise, and thus no human scale should be used to determine what is desirable or not; only the creator knows (Begley, 2007). There are some cases where natural selection is at work. Research shows that the process is still at work as recent as the 19th century. The study conducted in Finland sought to explore the key signposts of natural selection: those who married and those who did not, those who lived beyond the age of 15, the number of marriages the population under study had, and the number of children sired in each marriage. Half of the study population died before reaching the age of 15, indicating that they possessed traits that did not favor natural selection. As such, none of their genes could not be passed to the next generation. 20 percent of the population did not marry and did not have children, implying that they possessed some undesirable traits that prevented them from obtaining spouses and transmitting their genes to the next generation. The author uses strong pathos, logos, and ethos in driving his point home with regards to the fallacy of natural selection, though evidence still exists that support that the process is still ongoing, despite the argument put forward by the author. References Begley, S. (2007). Why Doesnt Evolution Get Rid of Ugly People?. Newsweek. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from http://europe.newsweek.com/why-doesnt-evolution-get-rid-ugly-people-221992?rm=eu Earp, B., Sandberg, A., ; Savulescu, J. (2012). Natural Selection, Childrearing, and the Ethics of Marriage (and Divorce): Building a Case for the Neuroenhancement of Human Relationships. Philosophy ; Technology, 25(4), 561-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13347-012-0081-8 Pennisi, E. (2012). Natural Selection Is Still With Us. Science | AAAS. Retrieved 27 September 2016, from sciencemag.org/news/2012/04/natural-selection-still-us

Ethical dilemma of psychologist

Ethical dilemma of psychologist Abstract The issue of ethics is paramount in counseling practice whereby practitioners are required to carry out their different therapeutic roles within specified Codes of Ethics. Ethics within practice has become important especially in guiding the practitioners on the appropriate ways of making sound decisions in their daily therapeutic roles. In principle the Code of Ethics, usually function to prevent the practitioners from indulging in malpractices that may harm the client or the entire profession as whole.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ethical dilemma of psychologist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ethics and ethical dilemma are two concepts that have for a long time influenced the professional conduct of counseling therapists. Sometimes conflict has occurred between the two concepts especially when dealing with particular sensitive cases. For instances ethics may require the practitioner to act in one way but as a result of particular experience applying such ethical requirements become problematic thereby necessitating the need for ethical sensitivity. In general, counseling therapists in going about their daily professional work are challenged to deal with questions that do not always have obvious answers and they become forced to assume responsibility of deciding how to act in ways that will put the interests of the clients above anything else. There exist a number of different models that guide counseling therapists into making sound ethical decisions when faced with ethical dilemmas. The issue of ethical dilemmas in counseling therapy is and will continue to be live as practitioners face new and dynamic challenges everyday, a situation that is further compounded by creation of new laws that practitioners have to work within and respect. Therefore, it is always necessary for practitioners to identify the best and most appropriate sources of which they can utilize solve o r manage the issue of ethical dilemma. Ethical dilemma of psychologist ‘What do I do?’ This is the introductory sentence in Kenneth S. Pope and Melba J. Vasquez’s book titled ‘Ethics in Psychotherapy and Counseling: A Practical Guide’. According to the authors, counseling therapists and the larger body of psychologists are confronted with pertinent questions or dilemmas that sometimes leave them ‘deficiency’ of solutions or way out. The authors’ observation is that, in everyday of psychologists’ lives, there exist situations that will results into dilemma. The authors identify aspects such as telling truth or lie when such instances may compromise the therapist’s benefit, revealing client’s confidential report even when such decision may harm clients and other people. This is in addition to reporting fellow colleagues due to their misconduct even when such colleagues hold higher positions or are critical in th e professional progress of the therapists’ or going against the administration requirement to do what one believes will compromise the ethics of the profession (Pope and Vasquez, 2010). All these constitute situations that psychologist have to face in their daily activities and practice.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Pope and Vasquez (2010) assert that carrying out psychotherapy confronts the professionals with constant dilemmas, and whether each dilemma is small or large, delicate or blaring, brings a tangle of questions (Pope and Vasquez, 2010). The basic question that majority of psychotherapists will ask is whether there is something right that can be done and if such thing exist how can it be executed (Pope and Vasquez, 2010). In general therapists will ask, â€Å"is there a right thing to do, if so, how do I find out what it is, what makes it right, who says so, if I do it, what will happen to the patient, to me, to innocent and not-so-innocent bystanders?† (Pope and Vasquez, 2010, p.1). Psychotherapists have to deal with hard questions that are personal and hard to make an admission to themselves or others. When this happens, the therapist will ask questions such as â€Å"What am I tempted to do, what could I get away with, would doing the right thing cost too much, get people mad at me, get me sued, get me fired, would doing the wrong thing be all that bad, especially if no one found out about it? What if I’m not strong enough, not good enough to do the right thing, and can I duck this one and palm it off on someone else?† (Pope and Vasquez, 2010, p.1). According to the authors, these pertinent questions generally lead therapists back to the basic question of ‘what do I do now? One avenue that majority of therapists have utilized in addressing the above questions has been adherence to ethics. For in stance, Pope and Vasquez (2010) note that ethics provides help to therapists in answering the pertinent questions they face. Through ethical awareness, psychotherapists are able to perceive in clear ways how their various choices are able to implicate and impact the lives of their clients, their fellow professional colleagues, and the public at large. According to the authors, ethical awareness, â€Å"frees professionals from the confining webs of habit, fatigue, fallacy, dogma, carelessness, hurry and daily pressures while at the same time enable psychologists to see new possibilities, respond in new ways, and act with greater understanding† (Pope and Vasquez, 2010, p.2). Therefore, ethical awareness should be perceived as continuous, active process that involves constant questioning and personal responsibility. Confidentiality is an ethical aspect that for sometime has characterized the psychology profession by guiding the psychotherapists in many situations. In its sense, confidentiality refers to the legal duty therapists have where as part of therapy psychologist are not supposed to disclose information about their clients (Corey, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Ethical dilemma of psychologist specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The country has enacted laws that form part of psychotherapist-client privilege where the laws requires that disclosure clients make during the therapy process should be protected from exposure and that such disclosure need to be perceived and regarded as confidential (Corey, 2009). The importance of confidentiality in psychology is critical and paramount, an aspect every psychologist needs to observe. It constitutes an aspect that is central and vital to development of trusting and productive client-therapist relationship since the general conviction among the professionals is that no genuine therapy can take place or be conducted unless the c lients have that assurance that the information and revelations they make to the therapist will be accorded uttermost privacy and kept confidential. Although this aspect has become a considerate to many therapists, the general understanding is that though confidentiality should be valued, it cannot be considered an absolute (Corey, 2009). Specific situations will force or will require the therapist to divulge the confidential information of a client and in such circumstances; the therapists will be guided by appropriate law that is there (Corey, 2009). Nevertheless, in determining when to breach confidentiality, recommendations have been that the therapists should be guided by the requirements of the law, institutions in which their services are being utilized, and the kind of clients they are provided services for (Corey, 2009). Certain situations are permitted by the law for therapist to make disclosure of client information hence breaching the aspect of confidentiality. Such inst ances include when the therapist has evidence and he is convinced that his or her client is aged less than 16 years and is a victim of incest, rape, child abuse or any other related crime. In addition, when the therapist is convinced that the particular situation the client is in, requires hospitalization, when the client information is key requirement in court for appropriate action, and lastly, when the clients request that their records be released to them or to a third party (Corey, 2009). However, in all these, the paramount obligation of the psychotherapy is to ensure there is adequate protection of client disclosure to ensure a healthy and productive therapeutic relationship exists. Ethical dilemma in working with high school adolescents Ethical dilemma: Revealing underage/adolescents confidential information to their parents or relevant authorities while therapeutic process is underway constitutes an ethical dilemma to modern therapists. Most underage/adolescent students eng age in risky behaviors that intervention from parents and guardians is needed.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The under-age students may seek the help of a therapist when still under heavy influence of and addiction to the risk behaviors. The question that arises is whether the therapist should disclose the confidential information given by the underage client to parents or school administration for intervention. In actual circumstances, psychotherapists are normally confronted with wide range of ethical challenges where no clear solution is apparent especially when working with high school adolescents engaged in risky behaviors (Goforth and Hayter, 2010). As a starting point, it should be noted that almost all ethical challenging situations are vague and making an appropriate and satisfying decision may not be easy. Adolescence is a period that has been described to be ‘stressful’ to young people, as majority of them becomes victims of ruined lives as a result of wrong decisions or choices. Adolescents take part in multiple risk health behaviors, which cause their lives to hav e negative impact. For example, adolescents have in most instances entered into conflicts with their parents, teachers, guardians, and society in their attempt to create and develop their own identity, opinions, and values (Miller, 1989 cited in Rolison and Scheman, 2002). When freedom is presented to them to utilize or make decisions, adolescents have greatly become ‘victims’ of negative and costly wrong decisions. Trends that have been studied by majority of researchers show that adolescents’ risky behaviors are increasingly becoming a problem, which at the same time may have negative future consequences to the young people (DiClemente, Hansen and Ponton, 1996). For instance, studied show that the high percentage of adolescents start using alcohol, tobacco and other drugs at an early age (DiClemente, Hansen and Ponton, 1996). At the same time, high percentage of adolescents from disadvantaged socio-economic homes are likely to engage in risky health behaviors a t an early age (DiClemente, Hansen and Ponton, 1996). On overall, majority of adolescents are venerable to experiment and initiate risk behaviors that in essence have deleterious consequences during the adolescence stage (DiClemente, Hansen and Ponton, 1996). At the same time, these risky behaviors have resulted into deadly consequences for the adolescents. For example, drinking excessively and driving has resulted into accidents, smoking has led to development of cancer, and unprotected sex has led to unwanted pregnancies and contract of deadly diseases such as HIV/AIDS, and STIs (Worren and Danner, 1989 cited in Rolison and Scheman, 2002). Providing psychotherapy to adolescents engaged in risk behavior has been one of the roles psychologists have been playing especially in schools. Many schools seek services of psychologists to respond to psychopath behaviors that majority of students may be engaged in. It is at this stage of providing therapy that ethical dilemma engulfs the ther apists. For Instance, carrying out students’ assessment, the student in this case a client of the therapist may disclose to the therapist that he or she has been frequently using drugs and tobacco while at the same time, engaging in unprotected sex activities (Goforth and Hayter, 2010). The situation becomes unusual to the therapist as to whether such revelation or disclosure should be made known to the parents of the student or the school administration of the student. Further, the law and ethical guidelines postulate clearly that the parents or guardians of under-age adolescents engaging in sex should be informed (Goforth and Hayter, 2010). The ethical dilemma for the therapist in this case is whether to obey the law and ethical requirements which in turn may ruin the counseling or therapeutic process with the client, or continue with therapeutic counseling for the client and provide necessary help that might lead to change of these behavior. Observation in such a case is t hat divulging the confidential information of the client to parents or school administration in the process of therapy might affect the therapy process negatively. Therefore, it is from this concern that majority of psychologists finding themselves in such situations are advised to keep the client’s information confidential as this would help to maintain a good relationship with the client that may lead to change of behavior (Goforth and Hayter, 2010). Nevertheless, the therapists are advised to constantly monitor the behavior of the adolescents to ensure there is progress in the change of behavior. Ethical decision-making process The above outlined case, which present ethical dilemma to therapists, can be handled appropriately through an effective ethical decision-making process that leads to sound or ‘wise’ decisions on the part of the therapist. One interesting aspect with ethical decision-making process is that, sometimes the process may occur very first lead ing to an easy resolution of any particular ethical issue (Canadian Psychological Association, 2000). This happens when the particular being resolved has clear-cut guidelines or standards and no conflict of principles exists (Canadian Psychological Association, 2000). On the other hand, other ethical issues particularly those that exhibit conflict between ethical principles may have no quick resolution, in some instances might be emotionally distressful, and might require time-consuming deliberation (Canadian Psychological Association, 2000). Ethical decision-making process should take place within the broad spectrum of ethical principles that guide the counseling and therapy process. In sense, therapy or counseling process operates within four main principles: respect for the dignity of persons, where this is the paramount principle and it should be given highest weight except in circumstances in which there is a clear and inevitable danger to the physical safety of any person (Can adian Psychological Association, 2000). The second principle has to do with responsible caring which constitute a principle that requires competence while carrying out therapy and the process should be conducted in ways that give respect and dignity to the person (Canadian Psychological Association, 2000). Third principle has to do with integrity in relationships where the principle requires therapists to have utmost integrity while conducting therapy. Lastly, there is the principle of responsibility to society, where the general view is that this principle should be given lowest weight when a conflict exist though societal responsibility needs to be considered in every ethical decision (Canadian Psychological Association, 2000). In general, there are ten steps in which ethical decision-making takes place. Identifying individuals and groups affected by the decision In the context of the above case, individuals involved in therapeutic process constitute high school teenagers at risk by engaging in risky health behaviors such as unprotected sex, drug abuse, and excessive drinking. Further, other affected groups include teenagers’ parents, guardians, and school community. Identifying relevant ethical issues and practices In adolescents’ therapeutic process, ethical issue involved is the confidentiality of the information and revelation adolescents make to the therapists. It is necessary for the therapist to establish productive and meaningful relationship with the client and therefore it would be of great help if the therapist kept the teenagers revelation confidential while at the same time continue with therapy while monitoring the teenagers progress. Breach of this step can only be realized in circumstances the adolescents’ risky behavior gravitates and accelerate at a rate that the therapist perceives intervention of parents, guardians and other stakeholders will be of benefit (Canadian Psychological Association, 2000). Consideration of p ersonal biases, stresses and self-interest It is important for the therapist to consider his or her personal factors that might lead into bias while the therapy process is going on. In some stressful events and circumstances, the therapist may be biased, stressed and self-interest may be overpowering when certain revelations are made by the client. In such instances, the therapist is supposed to be guided by the Code of Ethics and other relevant codes that might elaborate on the relationship that needs to be established with the client. In situations that are beyond the therapist intervention, he or she is advised to seek professional help and guidance from fellow colleagues and other relevant authorities. Developing alternative course of action In general, therapist especially those providing help to teenagers involved in risk behaviors should have numerous interventional strategies to employ in order to see that meaningful help of therapy is provided to the affected clients. The p rocess might be tedious and stressing especially teenagers revealing their secrets and what they might consider personal to them. In such circumstances, the therapist is supposed to explore the possibilities of adopting and utilizing different available alternatives in order to ensure appropriate therapy is administered to the client. Analysis of short-term, ongoing and long-term risks and benefits While taking part in the therapeutic process the therapist need to assess possible risks and benefits any particular course of action will incur to the client, to the client’s family, school, or society at all. As explained in the principles of therapeutic process, the client’s needs should outweigh all other needs though not dominate. Therefore, both short-term and long-term effects of each adopted course of action should be evaluated and the likely impact to the client, the therapist and family, and the school. Choice of course of action after application of principles Aft er the therapists are convinced that principles of the profession and therapeutic process have adequately been applied, they are supposed to turn attention to devising the course of action to take in order to realize benefits to the client and all those concerned. Adolescents’ engaged in risky behaviors in general will require interventional programs to help them recover or stop the particular actions they are engaged in. Therefore, the therapist should come up with appropriate and meaningful course of action to implement. Assuming responsibility for consequences of the implemented actions Generally, the course of actions a therapist undertake to pursue and implement with aim of realizing meaningful therapeutic procedure and results always aim at bringing about positive results for the clients. The aim is not to aggravate the problem any further but to provide adequate and sustainable help to the client by adopting particular course of actions perceived to be correct. Any par ticular course of actions undertaken, the therapist should be ready to take full responsibility. Evaluation of the results of the course of action The therapist should be in a position to carry out assessment and evaluation of the course of actions undertaken and pursued and where possible intervene where necessary. Evaluation will help the therapy to assess and monitor the success or failure of any particular intervention or course of actions pursued. Re-engaging in the decision-making process for unresolved issues As part of assuming responsibility for consequences of action, the therapy should be ready to correct the negative consequences that may result from particular course of actions. Such correction initiatives require the therapy to re-engage in the decision-making process in order to resolve the issue. Appropriate actions to prevent occurrence of the ethical dilemma The therapist needs to undertake necessary and appropriate actions to prevent future occurrences of the spec ific dilemma. Such appropriate actions can include adopting necessary communication mechanisms and problem solving techniques with colleagues. All the therapist can front for changes in procedures and practices that he or she perceive to be inappropriate or hindrance to the therapeutic process. Conclusion The issue of ethical dilemma for therapists is real in psychology profession. There have been attempts to address this aspect through numerous and different ethical codes which have and continue to play important roles in resolving the dilemma. Nevertheless, what is required for therapist especially those working with adolescents is to operate within the precepts of the code of ethics while at the same time seeking professional guidance where necessary. In addition, the therapists should embrace continuous training and workshops as this will lead to their professional growth while impacting necessary skills to deal with in challenging circumstances that result in ethical dilemmas. References Canadian Psychological Association. (2000). Canadian Code of Ethics for Psychologists. Ontario: CPA Publishing. Retrieved from https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=vq=cache:v07eeiUDShEJ:www.cpa.ca/cpasite/userfiles/Documents/Canadian%2520Code%2520of%2520Ethics%2520for%2520Psycho.pdf+Canadian+Psychological+Code+of+Ethics+for+Psychologists+ethical+decision+making+processhl=engl=kepid=blsrcid=ADGEESi16YngDV-3wX26RiYx-gZHL_BkO9QuMRv5eJnrq7rXge3o7BPsG9BM9JuwFgctQhagLazNB7r0Mgylh82Iq0JNtHRRqlGZLGWmPJCqOsPua2YcApN2syFLbodlR1atPlszzWJXsig=AHIEtbTKb9WOgae8gU4N1g3ro8yZ0Uyovw. Corey, G. (2009). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. OH; Cengage Learning. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=eg4Tev903YwCpg=PA42dq=Ethics+in+psychotherapy+and+counseling:+A+practical+guidehl=enei=Ih84TYUQyJY66K_ZxAssa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=2ved=0CCkQ6AEwAQ#v=onepageq=Ethics%20in%20psychotherapy%20and%20counseling%3A%20A%20practical%20guidef=false DiClemente, R. J., Hansen, W. B. and Ponton, L. E. (1996). Handbook of adolescent health risk behavior. NY: Springer. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=DoSU8Xo_ahQCpg=PA2dq=adolescents+risky+behaviorshl=enei=wao4TZDlDY6MswbjzMXzBgsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepageq=adolescents%20risky%20behaviorsf=false. Goforth, A. N. and Hayter, C. A. (2010). Ethical Dilemmas during training: Students’ Perspective. National Association School Psychologists, Vol. 38, No. 7. Retrieved from http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=12did=2038869751SrchMode=1sid=1Fmt=3VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1295542939clientId=29440. Pope, K. S. and Vasquez, M. J. (2010). Ethics in Psychotherapy and Counseling: A Practical Guide. MA: John Wiley and Sons. Retrieved from https://books.google.com/books?id=xsGzy_JvzyACprintsec=frontcoverdq=Ethics+in+psychotherapy+and+counseling:+A+practical+guidehl=enei=dRk4Tae5FMLqOYvfne0Ksa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false. Rolison, M. R. and Scheman, A. (2002). Factors influencing adolescents’ decisions to engage in risk-taking behavior. Health Publications. Retrieved from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2248/is_147_37/ai_94598394/.

Women give up many of their naturally granted values in fight for Research Paper

Women give up many of their naturally granted values in fight for gender equality, which is often mistaken for sameness - Research Paper Example ich include physical attractiveness/sexual selection theory and other social theories like exposure, familiarity, personality, dependability and intelligence. The purpose of this research paper is to identify which of the two approaches are more likely to be used by the two genders – male and female. To this end, the paper will be written on the basis of the thesis that men are more likely to be drawn to a romantic partner because of physical or sexual attractiveness whilst women are more likely to be drawn to a romantic partner on the basis of their personality, exposure and other social features and statuses. In testing the hypothesis to prove or disprove it, there are numerous theories and concepts that can be brought to the fore formulate and draw logical conclusions. The first question that comes to mind is why men often seek female partners who are younger than them? It is obvious that women are more beautiful and more attractive sexually when they are younger, than when they grow older. Therefore, it can be generalized with a degree of accuracy that men go for younger women because younger women are more beautiful and sexually more attractive. Charles Darwin’s sexual selection theory indicates that in most cases, men tend to desire younger and more attractive women as a symptom of their mid-life crisis (Darwin 17). On the other hand, the parental investment theory that is put forward by Robert Trivers states that men subconsciously seek traits that show signs of fertility and strong genetic features which can be found more clearly in younger and sexually attractive women than men (Trivers 3). This creates a kind of subconscious mental situation whereby men look for women with strong genes. However, women are more oriented to think in relation to a partner who has long-term abilities because they think within the context of raising a family. Hence, women look beyond just physical traits and sexual attractiveness. They look for a man who has the social

Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Business Law - Assignment Example attentiveness, shunning conflict amidst their individual interest and those of the prevailing principal and submitting revenue collected on behalf of principal (Goldman & Corrada, 2011). Conversely, principal’ s duties entail compensation of the agent as agreed, indemnification of against claims, liabilities and corresponding expenses incurred in regard to discharging duties assigned by the principal (Goldman & Corrada, 2011). Due to the fiduciary relationship, a principal ought to contract with agent faithfully and impartially. The principal is liable to indemnify the agent for payments undertaken during the course of the association regardless of the expenditure authorized and promoting the principal’s business enterprise. Conversely, an agent is normally liable to the principal when they act devoid of real authority (Goldman & Corrada, 2011). Moreover, an agent is accountable to indemnification of the principal for the forfeit and devastation originating from their actions. Employment at- will stipulates that when a worker lacks a written employment contract and the corresponding term of employment that possess indefinite period, then the employer can terminate the worker for good cause or no cause at all. The exemptions to the underlying employment- at- will entail public-policy exemption, implied-contract exemption and Covenant-of-good-faith exemption. Public policy exemption where a worker is applied wrongly, when the cessation is in contradiction of the obvious, well-established public policy (Goldman & Corrada, 2011). Implied-contract exemption applicable instances where there is development of contract amidst a manager and worker without expression and written instrument of employment association. Covenant-of-good-faith exemption applies to the manager workers resolutions that are subject mainly to the ordinary reason or termination purely reached in bad motive. Anti-discrimination laws prohibit workplace discernment on the foundation of race,

College Life Essay Example for Free

College Life Essay Wow! The first week of college was a breeze. All my professors seemed so nice. Class never lasted longer than thirty minutes. I did not have to carry any books to class for that whole week. Finding classes was some what tough, even though my classes are around the same area. I did not have any homework to do. I did not see my friends as much but we hung out as much as we could. I went to a different party each night of the week and still attended all of my classes. I do not need a bed time. I know how to get up, but now things have changed. College life is going to be a difficult transition for me. Having to move away from my family is going to take some time to get used to. Waking myself up everyday will be a chore in itself. Now I will have a roommate to be considerate of. I will decide if I should attend a party or go to a club without someones approval. I can go to the club with out my mom having the final verdict. I will hang out with my friends anytime I want to. I will have to learn how to manage my own money and time. At the end of the day college is all of what I make it. May it be hard for some and easy for others it is up to me to decide how I will adjust to college life; will I go to class; study for my test; waste my money; like my roommate? The distance between Greensboro, North Carolina and Washington, DC is greater than what I thought. I thought the number of miles apart would be a good thing but once again time has proven me wrong. I find myself calling home and cherishing every conversation I have with my family more and more. I send them emails when they do not answer the phone. Sometimes call to check on my younger brothers and sisters which I could not stand when I was at home. I miss my mom the most. She is the person who I thought that I would miss the least. Being home sickness has really set in. Also I miss driving my car anywhere I want to go. I miss just sitting on my front porch talking to my neighbors and their children. I miss going to work and making my own money to spend on whatever I want to. I miss going to the high school football game to see my brother play and my sister cheer. I really miss a home cooked meal and enjoying it with my family on a Sunday night after church. I miss getting my hair done every two to three weeks. It is hard to wake myself up everyday. It is hard to get up everyday to go to class because I go to sleep so late at night from talking to my friends or doing homework. It is also, hard because I do not get enough sleep at night. I have an eight oclock a. m. class that I struggle to get up for almost everyday of the week. Also I struggle to stay up for my six oclock p. m. classes. I knew it was going to get hard but I did not think it would get hard this fast. I have to do my homework in between classes so I will have enough time to go to sleep each night. Getting to know my roommate, Ebony, is the second hardest thing to do. It is hard because she is so different from me. She is from Elizabeth City, North Carolina and I am from Washington, DC. She listens to different music, wears different clothes, and acts different from me because she is from a different geographical region from me. During the first week at school we did not talk much. She does not to appreciate our dorm room because it is smaller than her room at home. She always slept and if she was not sleep then she was hanging out with her friends. She did not talk to anyone from our suites. Now, she is not afraid talk to us. She has friends over now and introduces them to us. She went to a club with us for the first time and that has been the only club that she has been to since she has been here. Before I came to college I thought I would always go to parties or the club. That thought has proven to be just a thought, not reality. I can party all the time if I want to but that would be wasting all of my parents money. I have to think about my classes before I go to a club. I know that the best days for me to go to the club are on Wednesday and Friday nights, because I do not have class on Thursday mornings or on Saturdays. So I just do not go to the clubs with my friends all of the time. I learned quick how to say no to going out. Eventually I will not have any money if I keep going to the clubs or parties. I enjoy hanging out with my friends, but I know that is not always possible. They always try to get me to do things when I need to study. They get upset at me when I tell them no. I guess that is because they have not adjusted to the fact that we will not always be able to hang out. I still try to eat lunch and dinner with them almost everyday. It is not possible to hang out with my friends anymore because of the difference in our class schedules. We also do not hang out anymore because of the activities that we all take part in. Sometimes my friends go home on the weekend so we do not get to hang out on the weekends either. Managing my own money and time is a hard task. Usually my mom tells me what to buy and what not to. Now that she is not here who will help me? It is up to me to make the right choice. Do I buy the Jordan sneakers that come out on the seventeenth or do I save that money for a better investment? Since that choice is up to me I will probably buy the Jordan sneakers. My mom would want me to save the money and spend it on something that I really need; like school books and food. It is not her responsibility to manage my money anymore. Time management is equally important. I will have to know how to spend the appropriate amount of time per day studying for my classes. I must not procrastinate on my assignments. I find it that I am always waiting until the last minute to do the work for my classes, because I work best under pressure. In summary the transition from high school to college has been an interesting one. I will learn more in-depth into all subjects that I learned in high school especially business. Making the decision to buy the Jordans sneakers will always be a decision that I look back on in the future. Going to the club on Thursday and waking up for my eight oclock a. m. class is going to be a big choice to make. It will be hard to know how much time I need to study for test or quizzes in any of my classes. I am still learning how to interact with my roommate. In order to make her fell comfortable around me and my friends. I have managed to wake myself up for class ever since I started to attend North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University.

Brilliant Lies: Comparison between Film and Playwright :: miscellaneous

Brilliant Lies: Comparison between Film and Playwright David Williamson wrote the serious comedy, Brilliant Lies in 1993. Three years later the play was adapted into a film. The play was about how a young sexy party girl, Susy, was sexually harassed by her power-demeaning boss, Gary. Throughout the story we are kept in the dark about what the truth really is concerning the account in the office when both parties worked late alone. The film introduces changes to both enhance and develop the play’s main ideas and themes. When plays are made into film, or film into plays improvement s are made. Scenes are taken out, added and changed. The film of Brilliant Lies has significant improvements; a scene is added, some are deleted and overall the setting are far more exotic. Overall the film improves on the ideas explored in the play. Many changes are displayed in the film adapted from the playwright. One of these main changes would be the ending of the story. The adapted film ending shapes our ideas of Gary and his wife, Stephanie. In the play we never meet Stephanie and only hear about her from what Gary says to Susy who explains it to Marion who is there to make sure the proceedings don’t get out of hand. Susy say’s â€Å"He screamed that his wife treated him like shit†. Consequently in the play we think of Stephanie as a bitch. In the film Stephanie is at the court hearing and has to hear the horrible degrading things her husband has told Susy about her. Stephanie eventually breaks down from hearing these things in court and leaves. We feel sorry for her because of the horrible things she had to hear in court and also because she is married to such a hostile man. The audience in both film and play know that Gary treats Stephanie badly because of what he says to Susy, who repeats it in court in the film and in the conference room in the play â€Å"†¦ he hated her so much that the only thing that made him feel god was that he’d cheated on her four times since†. Gary is presented in a hostile way towards women and we instantly hate him for saying and doing something like that in opposition to the women he should be devoted to. Therefore the film gives us an idea of what Stephanie would go through if she found out about the affair, harassment and what her husband has done behind her back.

Test Corrections

2. John Wesley is associated with the founding of what religious sect? I chose to omit this question because I couldn’t remember with which â€Å"ism† John Wesley was associated. The correct answer is c. Methodism because in the â€Å"Impact of the Enlightenment† PowerPoint, a parenthetical mentions John Wesley in the description of Methodism. 6. Romanticism changed the direction of the Enlightenment by emphasizing†¦ I answered a. skepticism which is incorrect because skepticism was more of a defining characteristic for movements like the Scientific Revolution. The correct answer is c. emotion because Romanticism was a focus on the individual and nature which were ofter very emotional ordeals. 8. The Encyclopedia contributed to Enlightenment goals of social reform by†¦ I answered c. providing systematic plans for social reform that could be used by anyone who was able to read which is incorrect because the Encyclopedia itself was not about social reform, and even if someone could read, he or she wouldn’t necessarily be able to understand the Encyclopedia. The correct answer is a. romoting the spread of knowledge that would be used to make informed decisions about social problems because the Encyclopedia’s direct influence was its spread of knowledge, which, in turn, was used to make informed decisions. 13. â€Å"In every government, there are three sorts of power†¦when the legislative and executive are united in the same person or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty because†¦the same monarc h or senate†¦(may) enact tyrannical laws. † The author of this passage was: I answered e. Rousseau which is incorrect because although Rousseau favored epublicanism as stated in his The Social Contract, he never really made the distinction between the three branches of government. The correct answer is a. Montesquieu because he made the distinction of dividing the â€Å"administrative† powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches. 14. Voltaire’s statement â€Å"Ecrasez l’infame† (crush the infamous thing) refers to†¦ I answered a. the government of Louis XIV which is incorrect because Louis XIV died in 1715 when Voltaire was only 18 years old and hadn’t begun his writing career. The correct answer is b. igotry and intolerance because he thought that the royalty and the clergy bred â€Å"superstition and intolerance† within the people. 18. In his campaign for greater toleration, French Huguenot refugee Pierre Bayl e (1647-1706) published his Historical and Critical Dictionary, which†¦ I answered d. was an attempt to offer clear definitions of commonly used religious terminology that Bayle felt was too often misunderstood, a contributing factor to religious intolerance which is incorrect because Bayle’s Historical and Critical Dictionary wasn’t a literal dictionary in which terms were defined. The correct answer is c. listed the errors and delusions of an entire host of writers on religion in an effort to show that religions must be held accountable to reason because the word â€Å"dictionary† simply refers to the writers on religion, and rather that blaming religious terminology for religious intolerance, he wanted to express that religions should be held accountable to reason. 19. What is a major way that the Enlightenment in France differed from that in Germany? I answered a. The German government wholeheartedly supported its intellectuals, including Lessing and Kant, while France’s philosophes faced censorship or arrest which is incorrect because this answer has the trigger word â€Å"wholeheartedly,† and philosophes faced censorship throughout Europe. The correct answer is c. French philosophes were far more aggressive in their condemnation of church and state than were German scholars because France has a history of breaking from the church freely such as with the Papal Schism, while Germany, being consumed by the Holy Roman Empire was tied closer with the church. 1. The only enlightened ruler who ended the personal aspects of serfdom was†¦ I answered a. Catherine the Great of Russia which is incorrect because although the serfs under Catherine had limited rights, they were still bound to their nobles’ land, and were still owned by these nobles. The correct answer is b. Joseph II of Austria because his Imperial Patent of 1785 abolished serfdom. 25. The spread of Enlightenment ideals and the emergence of a more prosperous middle class in Europe were also reflected in music with†¦ I answered d. rejection of baroque and all older styles of musical composition in favor of continuous innovation and experimentation which is incorrect because this answer has the trigger word â€Å"all,† and music at this time didn’t completely reject baroque styles because old styles will always be the basis for new styles. The correct answer is b. the transition from complex polyphony to an emphasis on more popularly accessible melody because this reflects a prosperous middle class which was both popular and accessible. 26. The Gordon riots, which devastated much of London in 1780, served as an xample of the fact that†¦ I answered b. eighteenth-century governments, though aspiring to modern state management, were still far from their espoused goals which is incorrect because the Gordon riots rooted in p olitical grievances as much as they were in religious agitation brought about by the Protestants. The correct answer is d. popular demonstrations did not always support reforms because the riots’ most prevalent effect was that Britain’s reputation was damaged right when they needed allies the most in the American War of Independence. 30. Which of the following is INCORRECTLY matched? I answered c. Catherine the Great—Instruction which is incorrect because Catherine did in fact write this work whose full title was â€Å"Instructions for the Guidance of the Assembly. † The correct answer is e. Moses Mendelssohn—Confessions because Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote this, while Moses Mendelssohn wrote works such as his Philosophical Conversations. 32. The most important contribution Catherine the Great made early in her reign was the†¦ I chose to omit this question because although I knew Catherine’s overall importance as an enlightened despot, I wasn’t sure on the specific contributions she made early on. The correct answer is a. stablishment of a legislative commission to review the laws of Russia because this was a real effort to share the power over Russia with a republican council in which the people could theoretically be represented. 49. Charlotte Corday assassinated Jean-Paul Marat in July 1793, in the belief that†¦ I answered d. Mara t had engineered the arrest and execution of Danton and his followers. which is incorrect because she wasn’t specifically concerned with avenging Danton’s death, but rather felt that she was avenging all of France. The correct answer is c. she was avenging innocent people executed because Marat had called for their heads. ecause even in her trial she claimed, â€Å"I killed one man to save 100,000,† showing her concern with the shear massiveness and unjustness of Marat’s Reign of Terror. 52. The fall from grace of Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety came about when Robespierre†¦ I answered d. inaugurated a Cult of the Supreme Being, which many Catholics viewed as a brazen and blasphemous attempt to replace Christianity. which is incorrect because although anti-religious member of the Committee of Public Safety opposed this decree, they didn’t really do anything concrete about it. The correct answer is a. began to order the execution of members of the Convention itself. because the planned strike against Jean-Lambert Tallien and Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier who were members of the Committee of General Security really was what tore the Committee of Public Safety apart and led to the arrest of Robespierre. 54. During the era of the French Revolution, the Thermidorian Reaction†¦ I chose to omit this question because I couldn’t remember whether the Thermidorian Reaction led to the dissolution of the National Assembly or the Reign of Terror. The correct answer is a. terminated the Reign of Terror and led to the execution of Robespierre. because it was the month of Thermidor when Robespierre’s planned strike against members of the Committee of General Security led to his execution. 55. The Committee of Public Safety was established to†¦ I answered e. train a new generation of intendants who were more loyal to the bourgeoisie government in power in 1794. which is incorrect because the Committee of Public Safety was more of military establishment whose purpose was to protect the new republic rather than to ensure loyalty. Loyalty was mainly ensured by the threat of the guillotine to anyone who resisted the republic. The correct answer is b. combat the dual threat of internal rebellion/counter-revolutionaries and foreign invasion. because it was a wartime measure put into place to protect the new and fragile republic. 59. According to the video and the text, what role did Jacques-Louis David play in the French Revolution? I answered d. He edited a newspaper that called for the execution of the king. which is incorrect because he was a painter, not a newspaper editor. The correct answer is c. He was an artist who painted images of the Revolution and planned revolutionary festivals. because he organized various festivals beginning with a parade through the streets of Paris to bury Voltaire at the Pantheon, and he was a Neoclassical painter who strayed away from classical Rococo grandeur. 60. When French armies occupied an area, they†¦ I answered a. brutally repressed the people living there according to the dictates of the Terror. which is incorrect because the Reign of Terror described the death of many by the guillotine, not by military brutality. The correct answer is b. introduced the laws of the French Republic, such as the abolition of seigneurial dues. because the abolition of seigneurial dues, one of many Enlightenment ideals being implemented at this time, was enacted by the National Constituent Assembly in the â€Å"August Decrees. † 62. Which of the following did NOT lead to the attack on the Bastille? I answered c. The marching of thousands of troops toward Paris by order of the king which is incorrect because the French Army was in fact encamped on the nearby Champs de Mars. The correct answer is b. The massacre by Louis XVI’s troops of members of the National Assembly because although Louis had planned to march into the Salle des Etats where the National Assembly met, but he never did, and therefore, his troops never massacred members of the National Assembly. 63. The achievements of the Jacobins included ALL of the following EXCEPT†¦ I answered a. abolition of slavery. which is incorrect because the Jacobins did in fact abolish slavery when they abolished feudalism. The correct answer is e. edistribution of all land among the peasants. because under the Jacobins, peasants only received limited rights and did not actually receive redistributed land. 65. Women†¦ I answered b. took few leadership roles in revolutionary activities. which is incorrect because women did in fact hold important roles in the French Revolution like with the Women’s March on Versailles and with influential female writers like Mary Wollstonecraft and Olympe de Gouges. The correct answer is d. joined demonstrations, wrote petitions and tracts, and organized political clubs. ecause women were in fact important to the Revolution and did all of these named revolutionary acts. 68. The term September Massacres refers to†¦ I answered b. The bloodiest days of the Reign of Terror; also known as the Great Terror which is incorrect because the September Massacres occurred over a year prior to the Reign of Terror. The correct answer is a. mobs that slaughtered over 1100 prisoners they believed were traitors because after Louis XVI fled the Tuileries Palace, a scared group made up mostly by sans-culottes massacred over 1100 Parisian prisoners.

Physical Education: Synoptics : David Beckham Essay

David Beckham has been playing football since a very early age. He now plays for Manchester United at an elite level and captains England. He trains and competes very regularly. 1.AGGRESSION Several aspects of football have progressed vastly in the last decade. Many of which are relevant to the increasing position of aggression in football today. This means that aggression is very much a part of David’s sport, and an aspect that he must understand. Governing bodies and referees are now much more open and understanding about aggression in football as they have realised the increasing influence that it has in the game. The rules reflect this, as retaliation (an aggressive act) is now an automatic ‘sending off’ offence. This also applies to raising of the hands and any intent to harm. Rivalry between teams is also an issue. When playing a local rival obtaining points is not the players’ only motive for success. The two teams aim to win as simply defeating the opposition matters more than obtaining points. However this may lead to aggressive behaviour as the player feels that the stakes are higher (pride). It is also possible and supported through theory that in games in which he feels he is under-achieving he finds himself being cautioned. This may be due to the theory that states the athletes’ ability is inadequate compared to the task they are given. This then causes them to act in an aggressive rather than assertive manner.

Functions of Management at Arthur Andersen

Functions of Management at Arthur Andersen Free Online Research Papers Arthur Andersen was founded in 1913 in Chicago, Illinois and was seen as one of thee top accounting firms in the country with over 20,000 employees in the United States alone. Over the years times change and so does revenue, Arthur Andersen (the man himself) had high standards as to the practice of accounting, but his practice after his death in 1947 did not, resulting in many ethic and legal violations. WorldCom, Waste Management, and Enron are some of Arthur Andersen’s clients that have caused this once great accounting firm to almost non-existence. We will investigate Arthur Anderson’s legal, ethic, and social responsibility towards strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning to show how it has affected the company today. Introduction Arthur Andersen LLP once was recognized as one of the top accounting and auditing firms in the nation. Andersen had a broad range of clients from different industries and countries across the world, until legal and ethic violations ended the organizations reign in 2002 with the collapse of the Enron Corporation. Even before Enron there was speculation of wrongdoing with WorldCom as too the auditing practices of Arthur Andersen. Management planning at Arthur Andersen was known for making sound decisions with partners and alliances, until the late 1990’s where greed and illegal auditing practices took over. Due to ethic, legal, and social responsibility companies like WorldCom and Arthur Andersen collapsed and changes were made to protect the public from further illegal operations. Functions of management According to Niece, Trompeter (2004) all Andersen employees were trained in the same methods and each office followed firm policies established by the central management in the office of the chairman. Partnerships were the firms top management, Andersen had 50% share and was president, then his partner Leonard Spacek was vice president, over the years the firm would have more partners and employees. From there the firm introduced a committee to oversee rules and regulations called committee on accounting principles and auditing procedures (CAPAP). Like any big service industry company, management wanted to branch out in different areas such as consulting and management, with these new functions brought on divisions, not only in the States but in other countries as well. This would make Arthur Andersen the biggest accounting firm in the World. As Arthur Andersen grew so did greed from within the company, and alliances and divisions were split. This caused more competition and increase d greed among management of the firms resulting in legal and ethic violations at Arthur Andersen. Legal Issues Legal issues were never an issue in the early days of Arthur Andersen, when the organization was smaller and more structured. In 1996 Waste Management came to light in both legal and ethic violations as the SEC found Andersen reckless in their auditing practices. This led to charging large fees and making Waste Management look better on paper than originally thought without even receiving the correct financials. In the years 2000-2002 Arthur Andersen was caught in the middle of another scandal that rocked the economy: WorldCom was in the midst of the same illegal mischief as Waste Management but to a deeper extent and right in the center of this mess was Arthur Andersen. The Auditing firm for both Waste Management and WorldCom was in back to back battles with forging documents and fraud, but seemingly only received fines and a closer eye from the SEC and the federal government. David Duncan President of Enron was accused of shredding documents along with Arthur Andersen was the final and last straw for the firm, and in 2002 was brought up on federal charges of fraud, but in the end all the Andersen firm got was obstructing justice and lost their license to conduct audits even though they were never convicted or charged with bad audits. Ethics Arthur Andersen was an organization that was committed to honesty, integerty, independence, high legal and ethical standards, and dedication to the public; and now in 2008 the company is nothing more than a shadow of it’s former self. Ethics was important to Arthur Andersen who donated more than $5 million dollars to universities for awareness of ethical issues pertaining to business. Ethics was the backbone of the form that Arthur Andersen started in 1913, and due to the greed of cooperate officers and its partners has seen the last of this once proud and respected firm. Accounting and auditing practices have long held high standards of ethics, and due to the disasters of these organizations certain laws have been passed to bring confidence back to the public of financial institutions, the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 is one that requires the rotation of lead auditors within in a firm to conduct audits. According to Orin (2008) the Sarbanes-Oxley act should be expanded to requ ire audit-firm rotation. This would bring independence back and restore public trust. Social Responsibility In order to take social and corporate responsibility, a organization must admit guilt. Arthur Andersen never really admitted any wrong doing in none of their cases in court, but did pay fines and reimburse shareholders for their loss. Is this all Arthur Andersen can do is pay fines and costs and not serve any other sanctions? Arthur Andersen’s social responsibility was to admit guilt and surrender its licenses to practice accounting, which it never did and to this day still, has operations in Chicago. With little or no customers the damage was done to this century old firm, and Arthur Andersen now holds the burden of social responsibility with no business. Factors of Planning Illegal and ethic violations: One factor that effects strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning is illegal and ethic violations, once these allegations are made the company needs to revisit strategies and come up with a plan to fight these allegations. The second phase would be tactical, what tactics are going to be used and how to implement them, this changes in how you operate not 100%, but as you could see if found guilty of any wrongdoing, your operations have been altered and need to be restructured. No company can plan for a disaster has the one that faced Arthur Andersen, but contingency plans were in place as to a legal council to brief and research certain violations pertaining to accounting. Cultural factors: Cultural factors can play a part in all phases of planning especially with international companies like Arthur Andersen. In the early 1940’s the firm wanted to improve relations with consumers and businesses overseas, this needed to be done by changing all plans in order to gain the confidence and respect of different cultures. Arthur Andersen did what all organizations do that succeed internationally, that is changes the plans of the organization. Economic factors: Economic factors can be the most important factor to changing all of an organizations planning. Whether the world is in a good market or bad, plans need to be changed when this happens. Another factor the economy plays is greed and Arthur Andersen’s demise was greed, this brought down the organization where no planning could save the firm, not even the contingency plan the firm had in place. Other organizations such as Chrysler has felt this economic crunch and has had too restructure the company from top to bottom in order to survive, at least for now. Conclusion Arthur Andersen was a top 5 accounting firm and due to poor management and greed the organization failed. Arthur Andersen basically created the standards of ethics for accounting and now it turned it back on the accounting practice, the public, and trust of companies to gain a profit and rise above the competition. When dealing with illegal activity and ethic violations the law and the public will always come out on top and the members of Arthur Andersen have forgotten all of the issues, ethics and responsibilities that made the firm a top 5 accounting institution. Since 1913 all of the planning and resources that the man Arthur Andersen had laid out is gone as quick as a Chicago wind. Many accounting firms have suffered in the wake of poor public perception and some have gained from the loss of Arthur Andersen. I wonder which company will be next in the news due to poor management planning and scandal. References Niece, J., Trompeter, G. (2004, Summer 2004). The Demise of Arthur Andersen’s One-Firm Concept: A Case Study in Corporate Governance. Business Society review,109 (2), 183-207. Retrieved December 15, 2008 from EBSCOhost. Orin, R. (2008, Winter2008). Ethical Guidance and Constraint Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 23(1), 141-171. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from EBSCOhost. 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Lockheed P-38 Lightning in World War II

Lockheed P-38 Lightning in World War II Designed by Lockheed in 1937, the P-38 Lightning was the companys attempt to meet the requirements of the US Army Air Corps Circular Proposal X-608 which called for a twin-engine, high-altitude interceptor. Authored by First Lieutenants Benjamin S. Kelsey and Gordon P. Saville, the term interceptor was specifically used in the specification to bypass USAAC restrictions regarding armament weight and number of engines. The two also issued a specification for a single-engine interceptor, Circular Proposal X-609, which would ultimately produce the Bell P-39 Airacobra.   Design Calling for an aircraft capable of 360 mph and reaching 20,000 ft. within six minutes, X-608 presented a variety of challenges for Lockheed designers Hall Hibbard and Kelly Johnson. Assessing a variety of twin-engine planforms, the two men finally opted for a radical design that was unlike any previous fighter. This saw the engines and turbo-superchargers placed in twin tail booms while the cockpit and armament were located in a central nacelle. The central nacelle was connected to the tail booms by the aircrafts wings.   Powered by a pair of 12-cylinder Allison V-1710 engines, the new aircraft was the first fighter capable of exceeding 400 mph. To eliminate the issue of engine torque, the design employed counter-rotating propellers. Other features included a bubble canopy for superior pilot vision and the use of a tricycle undercarriage. Hibbard and Johnsons design was also one of the first American fighters to extensively utilize flush-riveted aluminum skin panels. Unlike other American fighters, the new design saw the aircrafts armament clustered in the nose rather than mounted in the wings. This configuration increased the effective range of the aircrafts weapons as they did not need to be set for a specific convergence point as was necessary with wing-mounted guns. Initial mockups called for an armament consisting of two .50-cal. Browning M2 machine guns, two .30-cal. Browning machine guns, and a  T1 Army Ordnance 23  mm autocannon. Additional testing and refinement led to a final armament of four .50-cal. M2s and a 20mm Hispano autocannon.       Development Designated the Model 22, Lockheed won the USAACs competition on June 23, 1937. Moving forward, Lockheed commenced building the first prototype in July 1938. Dubbed the XP-38, it flew for the first time on January 27, 1939 with Kelsey at the controls. The aircraft soon achieved fame when it set a new cross-continent speed record the following month after flying from California to New York in seven hours and two minutes. Based on the results of this flight, the USAAC ordered 13 aircraft for further testing on April 27. Production of these fell behind due to the expansion of Lockheeds facilities and the first aircraft was not delivered until September 17, 1940. That same month, the USAAC placed an initial order for 66 P-38s. The YP-38s were heavily redesigned to facilitate mass production and were substantially lighter than the prototype. Additionally, to enhance stability as a gun platform, the aircrafts propeller rotation was changed to have the blades spin outward from the cockpit rather inward as on the XP-38. As testing progressed, problems with compressibility stalls were noticed when the aircraft entered steep dives at high speed. Engineers at Lockheed worked on several solutions, however it was not until 1943 that this problem was completely resolved. Specifications (P-38L): General Length: 37 ft. 10 in.Wingspan: 52 ft.Height: 9 ft. 10 in.Wing Area: 327.5 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 12,780 lbs.Loaded Weight: 17,500 lbs.Crew: 1 Performance Power Plant: 2 x Allison V-1710-111/113 liquid-cooled turbo-supercharged V-12, 1,725 hpRange: 1,300 miles (combat)Max Speed: 443 mphCeiling: 44,000 ft. Armament Guns: 1 x Hispano M2(C) 20 mm cannon, 4 x Colt-Browning MG53-2 0.50 in. machine gunsBombs/Rockets: 10 x 5 in. High Velocity Aircraft Rocket OR 4 x M10 three-tube 4.5 in OR up to 4,000 lbs. in bombs Operational History: With World War II raging in Europe, Lockheed received an order for 667 P-38s from Britain and France in early 1940. The entirety of the order was assumed by the British following Frances defeat in May. Designating the aircraft the Lightning I, the British name took hold and became common usage among Allied forces. The P-38 entered service in 1941, with the US 1st Fighter Group. With the US entry into the war, P-38s were deployed to the West Coast to defend against an anticipated Japanese attack. The first to see frontline duty were F-4 photo reconnaissance aircraft which operated from Australia in April 1942. The next month, P-38s were sent to the Aleutian Islands where the aircrafts long range made it ideal for dealing with Japanese activities in the area. On August 9, the P-38 scored its first kills of the war when the 343rd Fighter Group downed a pair of Japanese Kawanishi H6K flying boats. Through the middle of 1942, the majority of P-38 squadrons were sent to Britain as part of the Operation Bolero. Others were sent to North Africa, where they aided the Allies in gaining control of skies over the Mediterranean. Recognizing the aircraft as a formidable opponent, the Germans named the P-38 the Fork-Tailed Devil. Back in Britain, the P-38 was again utilized for its long range and it saw extensive service as a bomber escort. Despite a good combat record, the P-38 was plagued with engine issues largely due to the lower quality of European fuels. While this was resolved with the introduction of the P-38J, many fighter groups were transitioned to the new P-51 Mustang by late 1944. In the Pacific, the P-38 saw extensive service for the duration of the war and downed more Japanese aircraft than any other US Army Air Forces fighter. Though not as maneuverable as the Japanese A6M Zero, the P-38s power and speed allowed it to fight on its own terms. The aircraft also benefited from having its armament mounted in the nose as it meant that P-38 pilots could engage targets at a longer range, sometimes avoiding the need to close with Japanese aircraft. Noted US ace Major Dick Bong frequently chose to down enemy planes in this fashion, relying on the longer range of his weapons. On April 18, 1943, the aircraft flew one of its most famous missions when 16 P-38Gs were dispatched from Guadalcanal to intercept a transport carrying the Commander-in-Chief of the Japanese Combined Fleet, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, near Bougainville. Skimming the waves to avoid detection, the P-38s succeeded in downing the admirals plane as well as three others. By the end of the war, the P-38 had downed over 1,800 Japanese aircraft, with over 100 pilots becoming aces in the process. Variants During the course of the conflict, the P-38 received a variety of updates and upgrades. The initial model to enter production, the P-38E consisted of 210 aircraft and was the first combat ready variant. Later versions of the aircraft, the P-38J and P-38L were the most widely produced at 2,970 and 3,810 aircraft respectively. Enhancements to the aircraft included improved electrical and cooling systems as well as the fitting of pylons for launching  high velocity aircraft rockets. In addition to a variety of photo reconnaissance F-4 models, Lockheed also produced a night fighter version of the Lightning dubbed the P-38M. This featured an  AN/APS-6 radar pod and a second seat in the cockpit for a radar operator.    Postwar: With the US Air Force moving into the jet age after the war, many P-38s were sold to foreign air forces. Among the nations to purchase surplus P-38s were Italy, Honduras, and China. The aircraft was also made available to the general public for the price of $1,200. In civilian life, the P-38 became a popular aircraft with air racers and stunt fliers, while the photo variants were put into use by mapping and survey companies.